Concentration and Power in the Food System by Philip H. Howard

Author:Philip H. Howard
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Bloomsbury UK

Source: ETC Group (2013b).

The scope of intellectual property protections has been continually expanded via legislation and court decisions in the United States, as shown in Table 7.2. One of the few instances where the United States was not on the leading edge of policy changes that increased the power of dominant firms occurred when the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of plants (UPOV) was revised in 1991. These regulations prohibited farmer exchange of protected seed varieties, including barter or gift, in contrast to previous agreements (ETC Group 2013b). In 1994, however, the United States amended the PVPA to match the provisions of the revised UPOV. Many less industrialized countries continue to enforce the less restrictive 1978 version of UPOV, despite pressure from the US government to adopt the most recent version (Aistara 2011; Li et al. 2013).

Table 7.2 Intellectual property protections for living organisms: key US policy changes

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